Lab diamond vs real diamond. Apr 14, 2023 · Kimaï. Antwerp-based Kimaï was founded in 2018 by Jessica Warch and Sidney Neuhaus, two industry kids with families in the diamond business. The brand works exclusively with lab-grown gems set ...Jan 2, 2024 · Price: Moissanite is significantly less expensive than a diamond of equal size and quality. Durability: Diamonds are renowned for their durability and are the hardest naturally occurring mineral, scoring a 10 on the Mohs hardness scale. Moissanite is also extremely durable, scoring between 9.25-9.5 on the same scale.Aug 9, 2019 · Lab created diamonds are sourced from pure carbon, while moissanite is sourced from silicon carbide, which means lab diamonds are identical in chemical composition to real diamonds, whereas lab grown moissanite is identical in chemical composition to moissanite. In addition, when naturally occurring, moissanite comes from …A natural round diamond weighing in at 0.5 carats is worth $1,240, which is more than 2x more expensive than a lab one which goes for $560. If we take a look at big diamonds, a 3-carat natural diamond is worth a whopping $45,260, while a lab one of the same weight is worth $29,160.Mar 26, 2023 · Some individuals are okay with sacrificing the carat weight and buying a natural loose GIA certified diamond. For example, they might choose a 0.5 carat natural diamond instead of a 1 carat lab-made diamond for $1,000. In this case, selling the natural would save $700 compared to around $100 for the lab-made one.Apr 18, 2023 · Lab-Created Diamond. Lab-created diamonds and gemstones are exactly what they claim to be: created in a laboratory environment.All lab-created gems are real gemstones. Lab-diamonds have the quality factors as mined diamonds. The lab conditions mimic what it’s like for naturally mined diamonds to grow beneath the earth.. A lab …Home / Blog. January 5th, 2024 / Krishan D. The advancement of technology has led to many powerful and significant advancements, one of which is with direct …Jun 25, 2021 · Not all lab diamonds are the same. Yes a diamond is a crystal of carbon. But diamonds are not 100% carbon, they're typically 99.95% carbon and 0.05% other elements. That 0.05% contributes to how a diamond looks. Natural diamonds, for example, can also have aggregated nitrogen in them which is what …Mar 3, 2023 · No matter if a diamond is lab-grown or natural, besides the minor differences due to impurity traces they will always contain the same elemental makeup. Lab-grown diamonds are 100% real diamonds with the same physical, chemical, and optical characteristics as natural diamonds. Physical CharacteristicsHow can I know if my diamond is real? This is a question we get all the time, and it’s not as simple as you might think. First, you have to decide what “real” means. If you are not familiar with lab grown diamonds, you might want to check out our introduction to lab grown and synthetic diamonds before continuing with this article. So, now you know that lab grown …Lab grown diamonds are nearly identical to real diamonds and can be grown over the course of weeks while a natural diamond spends eons …Both HPHT and CVD continue to be popular methods of laboratory-grown diamond production. A laboratory-grown diamond is a synthetic or man-made diamond. … However, some lab-grown diamond producers, such as De Beers with their Lightbox line, offer their synthetic fancy colored and colorless diamonds with the same price per carat. Find this Diamond. Lab-Created 1.03 Carat Blue SI1 Round Diamond $880 from James Allen. Find this Diamond. Feb 8, 2023 · Lab Grown Diamonds vs. Natural Diamonds. “Companies actually worked to create the first batch of lab-grown diamonds in the 1950s ,” Atlas says. It was GE that did it first, under a program called Project Superpressure. “However they did not become commercially available until later on in the late 1980s. It wasn’t until more recently ... May 27, 2022 · With lab-grown diamonds being chemically, physically and optically identical to mined diamonds, what does it mean to buy a “real diamond” today? Campbell Kwan Commercial property reporter Jun ...Aug 21, 2023 · Moissanite has a different chemical makeup from natural and lab grown diamonds. While a diamond is pure carbon, moissanite is both silica and carbon. As a result, Moissanite sparkles differently, more even, and is slightly less hard than diamond. However, it does look nearly identical to a diamond! The main difference is the origin of the diamond, but the benefits of lab-grown are huge: these diamonds cost less, are ethically made, and are environmentally ...Jul 22, 2022 · Here's a presentation that I originally made for a friend and client that I'll refer to as Big Ben. But Big Ben is more than just someone with deep pockets, ...Mar 31, 2019 · Mined diamonds are naturally formed, and the types of diamonds that are formed are formed randomly, depending on the conditions they are exposed to during the formation process. – Speed Of Formation. Lab grown diamonds can be formed a lot quicker than mined diamonds. Lab grown diamonds might take a few weeks to a few months, …Man Made Diamonds vs Natural Diamonds. They are both Real and have the same chemical and physical properties. Lab created diamonds are grown in days or weeks depending upon size, whereas natural diamonds were formed millions of years ago under enormous pressure below the earth’s surface.Oct 9, 2022 ... Natural Diamonds are more expensive but hold their value over time when compared to Lab Grown Diamonds. A Lab Grown Diamond can cost up to 50% ...Jun 6, 2022 · Lab grown diamonds also develop interesting inclusions and some can even glow in the dark. lurchermom. • 2 yr. ago. Beyond resell value and the importance that some people attach to a natural diamond, there's no difference between the two. That said, if you opted for a lab diamond and invested what you would have spent on a natural … While the price of a lab diamond depends on many factors, like where you buy it from, carat weight and its quality rating, the cost of a 1 carat lab created diamond is around $1,000-$1,500 per carat. This is a significant price decrease from mined diamonds which average around $6,000-10,000 per carat. Nov 14, 2019 · The most important thing to know about lab-grown diamonds is that they are real diamonds. They differ only in that they originate in a laboratory instead of deep within the earth. Lab-grown diamonds are 100% pure crystallized carbon and are identical in every way, optically, chemically and physically, to a mined diamond.Thanks to advancements in technology, lab-made diamonds are taking the jewelry industry by storm. These artificial diamonds are not cubic zirconia or moissanite, two popular diamon...bbc iplayer usatop rn schools in california 1 day ago · Those made through HPHT will fluoresce in a shade of off-blue (like a turquoise) most commonly. 5. Evaluate Growth Patterns. While the diamond is still lit up with Fluorescence and under magnification, the operator of the DiamondView machine will look for growth patterns that are indicative of lab grown diamonds.Apr 12, 2022 · How to Identify a Lab Diamond vs. a Natural Diamond. If you're not sure whether a diamond is real or fake, it might be a lab-grown diamond. Lab diamonds are real diamonds, but they're made in a laboratory rather than mined from the earth. The best way to tell if a diamond is lab-grown is to look for an inscription on the stone. However, some lab-grown diamond producers, such as De Beers with their Lightbox line, offer their synthetic fancy colored and colorless diamonds with the same price per carat. Find this Diamond. Lab-Created 1.03 Carat Blue SI1 Round Diamond $880 from James Allen. Find this Diamond. Lab Created Diamonds vs. Real Diamonds — The Key Differences. By Stephanie Dore. It’s a little like Batman vs Superman, you know. They’re both superheroes, so on that level, …Oct 7, 2023 · That's because lab grown diamond jewelry comes at a 20-40% (sometimes more) discount than mined diamonds, often called natural diamonds. There are so many factors and caveats that affect diamond prices. On average, a 1 carat VS1 clarity diamond can cost around $5000 to beyond $10,000, depending on diamond grades.The main difference is the origin of the diamond, but the benefits of lab-grown are huge: these diamonds cost less, are ethically made, and are environmentally ...shopspence. We’re here to make buying a diamond clear, easy and free of stress. #createdbyspence #spencediamonds #diamonds #diamondjewelry …The two main differences between natural and lab-grown diamonds are that they are grown, not mined, and are generally much less expensive than their mined ...Here's how one Delta elite plans to upgrade his Platinum status to Diamond before the end of the year. As discussed in previous articles, I'm a Delta Platinum Medallion member. Mos...Jan 24, 2024 · Real Diamond Pros will know how to save over 20% So Which is it? The SI1 clarity at $3,360 or the VS1 color at $4,270 Choose the diamond you like better and see if you are a Pro! ... They also have the nicest collection of lab-created diamonds online. Click to Visit . What we love about them: crown royal peachcasper original foam mattress The main difference is the origin of the diamond, but the benefits of lab-grown are huge: these diamonds cost less, are ethically made, and are environmentally ...Learn the differences between lab vs. natural, how lab diamonds are made, the benefits of choosing a lab diamond, and more. Have a question? We're happy to help. ENDS SOON! Receive a Free Lab Diamond Tennis Bracelet With Purchase Over $1,000. ENDS SOON! Free Lab Diamond Tennis BraceletApr 4, 2019 · Diamonds in general are a pretty terrible investment. If you’re looking for appreciation on an asset, look to stocks, index funds etc. In reality, you could argue that lab grown is a better investment than a natural diamond. If you save $5,000 going lab grown, you could take that $5k and invest it and make much more in returns than you could ...Oct 5, 2022 · Additionally, moissanite is electrically conductive, whereas a lab-created diamond is not. 13. What’s more, moissanite takes more time than an lab diamond to create in the lab. Unlike … water cooler for home Nov 9, 2023 · Color. Same deal here: A high-quality lab-grown diamond will be graded on the same scale as a natural one when it comes to color. There is no visual difference between a lab-grown and a natural ... The simple answer is that lab grown diamonds are real diamonds, just like mined diamonds. ... Lab grown vs mined diamond physical property comparison chart. high point nc restaurantsspectrum streaming boxtop less in the beach Jun 21, 2022 · Searching for the perfect forever adornment for you or your loved one is no easy task. Between choosing lab diamonds vs. mined, metal type, and stone quality, there are a lot of decisions to make when shopping for a diamond engagement ring.. At 12FIFTEEN, we want to make the process as simple as …Feb 26, 2024 ... Lab diamonds are chemically and optically identical to natural diamonds, the only difference is in the price tag! You'll find that lab grown ...Oct 14, 2022 · Have more questions about lab vs. natural diamonds? We’re always happy to talk more about the positive and negative impacts of synthetic diamonds vs natural diamonds as well as which is the better investment. With that being said, there’s a reason why we have been buying natural diamonds for more than 100 … artificial turf lowe's Lab diamonds are created from carbon, just like real diamonds. Diamond simulants look similar to diamonds but are not created with true carbon crystals. Two of the most common diamond simulants are moissanite and cubic zirconia. Moissanite: While natural moissanite does occur, it is very rare. how to get good grades Laboratory-grown diamonds are real and are not fake diamonds. Our man-made diamonds have indistinguishable chemical and optical properties when compared to ...Jun 28, 2022 ... Synthetic diamonds are created under similar conditions to natural diamonds; however, these conditions are generated inside carefully controlled ...Simulated diamonds, such as cubic zirconia (CZ) or moissanite, look like diamonds but are not real diamonds. Simulants do not have the same chemical and physical properties as diamonds and therefore sell at a lower price point. Simulants can be distinguished from natural or lab grown diamonds using only the naked eye due to their fiery sparkle.6 days ago · In fact, lab-grown diamonds are 60-80% cheaper than mined ones, according to our recent price analysis. In addition, yellow lab-grown diamonds are better for the environment and do not risk any of the ethical issues that have been linked to the mining of diamonds. So it really is a win-win-win. locked my car keysdoctor of occupational therapy salary Sep 28, 2023 · Diamonds are made up almost entirely of pure carbon. That’s why both lab diamonds and mined diamonds have the exact same physical properties. They replicate the exact natural process that forms earth grown diamonds, but cost up to 75% less. Let’s compare the process of growing diamonds in a lab vs. how diamonds form in the earth.When considering the real diamond vs lab diamond options, there are two things you should know. First of all, lab diamonds are chemically identical …Natural Diamonds Versus Lab-Grown Diamonds: What's the Difference? Experts explain their similarities (there are many!) and key … seller.tiktok Mar 15, 2023 · 3. Man Made Diamonds vs Real Diamonds. Man made diamonds or lab grown diamonds are chemically identical to mined diamonds. However, man made diamonds are grown in a laboratory while mined diamonds are excavated from the earth. When speaking to a retailer about a diamond, it's important to …Take a closer look at your favorite diamonds using our Real-Time Diamond Inspection service; a one-on-one consultation with a non-commissioned certified gemologist. Share your screen and get expert guidance as you explore diamonds in 360° HD with up to 40x magnification. Mark points of interest on the screen while chatting with your diamond …Oh yes. Lab Grown Diamonds are just as real as diamonds that are mined from the earth. They have shape, size, color and clarity grades, just like Natural … farm togetherhow to get an international driver's license Lab diamonds are created from carbon, just like real diamonds. Diamond simulants look similar to diamonds but are not created with true carbon crystals. Two of the most common diamond simulants are moissanite and cubic zirconia. Moissanite: While natural moissanite does occur, it is very rare. Dec 22, 2023 ... Global sales for lab-diamond jewelry reached nearly $12 billion in 2022 · Lab diamonds are 50% cheaper than earth diamonds, but lack long-term ...Jan 13, 2022 · Lab-grown diamonds are real diamonds with the same physical, chemical and optical properties as natural mined diamonds. To both the expert and untrained eye, they are impossible to tell apart. At this point, we must emphasize that lab-created diamonds are not diamond simulants. To clarify, diamond …Jan 5, 2017 · GIA: In gemological terms, a diamond is a diamond whether it was mined from the ground or grown in a laboratory. Natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds are chemically, optically and physically the same, and are made up of a single element: carbon. Natural diamonds, considered by many as Earth’s little …Global data for diamond sales shows that lab grown diamonds account for around 5-8% of global diamond sales across jewellery (wedding rings, engagement rings, earrings) and loose diamonds. The market is in a rapid growth phase. An article from the Economist back in 2016 predicted that lab grown diamonds would account for as much as 75% of the ...Mar 8, 2024 · Lab diamonds are 100% authentic, real diamonds, equally scintillating and beautiful. While lab diamond creation is an efficient process, it requires a great deal of high-tech equipment and top scientific minds, which costs money. Plus, lab diamonds are still pretty rare. This rarity, beauty and demand for lab diamonds are reflected in their prices. While the price of a lab diamond depends on many factors, like where you buy it from, carat weight and its quality rating, the cost of a 1 carat lab created diamond is around $1,000-$1,500 per carat. This is a significant price decrease from mined diamonds which average around $6,000-10,000 per carat. The chemical formula for a diamond is simply C. Diamonds are carbon atoms arranged in a specific way. Graphite and soot also have chemical formulas of C because they are carbon ato...Sep 25, 2022 · To the untrained eye or uneducated customer, lab created white sapphire and diamond will appear the same. The both may look colorless and sparkly. This is the main reason why some purchase white sapphire jewelry as a simulated diamond. However, the brilliance between the two is different.Lab-grown diamonds are gaining popularity more and more every day and for good reason. To understand the debate between natural and lab-grown diamonds, you must first look at such factors as cost, sustainability, and appearance. A lab-created diamond and a mined diamond are both evaluated by the “four C’s,” that is, cut, … candy shop nyc Asscher. Radiant. Why Choose Lab Grown Diamonds. Mining Free. Lab diamonds are a responsible choice since they are grown with precise technology that …May 26, 2023 · Refraction: Moissanite has a refractive index from 2.65 - 2.69 and lab created diamonds have the same refractive index as diamonds with 2.42. This difference causes different types of brilliance from each stone. Durability: Lab created diamonds have a hardness of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale while moissanite has a hardness of 9.25.Delta Diamond Medallion is Delta's highest public elite status tier and provides upgrades, lounge access, same-day changeability, and more. We may be compensated when you click on ...Jul 26, 2017 · A 2016 report from Morgan Stanley estimates that by 2020, “lab-grown diamonds could take a 15 percent market share in gem-quality melee [less than half a carat in rough form] diamonds and a 7.5 ... best place to order photo prints Oct 18, 2023 · They say that lab grown diamonds run about at 20-40% decrease in price when compared to mined diamonds of the same quality and grades. However, I’ve seen them be more. SI clarity diamonds are also less expensive as lab grown diamonds. The types of inclusions found in lab grown diamonds is limited due to their isolated …Lab grown diamond jewelry is a relatively new concept in the world of jewelry, but it has quickly gained popularity due to its ethical and sustainable nature. Lab grown diamonds ar...Oct 21, 2023 · Diamonds are graded based on their clarity, cut, carat and color (known as the four Cs). If a natural diamond and a lab-grown diamond rank equally in all four categories, the lab-created version will be significantly cheaper — about 20-30% cheaper on average, estimated Leifheit, adding, “The price difference …The government claims the diamonds were undervalued by around 50%. A British mining company has become the latest casualty of Tanzanian president John Magufuli’s nationalist drive ... plastic injection molder From $2,295.00. Kim Kardashian Bottom Bridge Diamond Grillz in White Gold. From $1,565.00. Diamond Bridge Grillz w/ Open Face Fangs (VS, Yellow Gold) From $1,315.00. Single Tooth Open Face Diamond Fang Grillz (14K, Rose Gold) $725.00. Top 6 Diamond Grillz (VS+ Yellow Gold) From $4,415.00.Lab grown diamond sparks with brilliance and fire. But, it has low amount of reflection than Moissanite. Lab Diamonds have sparkle ability to compete with the ...Lab-grown diamonds are absolutely real in the sense that the resulting stone is a gem-quality diamond that can compete with natural stones …Feb 18, 2024 · Feb 18, 2024, 5:16 AM PST. Jeffrey Hamilton/Getty Images. The lab-grown diamond boom is over, jewelry industry experts say. Lab-grown gems are mainstream now and real diamonds are back in vogue ... The Difference between Lab Grown Diamond Vs Real Diamonds: Despite being seemingly identical, lab-grown and natural diamonds have one …Dec 11, 2022 · Lab-grown diamonds are growing in popularity. According to a 2022 BriteCoTM report, lab-grown diamond market penetration rose 9.7%, from 18.7% of engagement rings in 2020 to 28.4% in 2021.. Lab-grown diamonds have been around since the 1950s; however, many people have continued to purchase natural diamonds … fig farmsbucket filler Yes, lab grown diamonds are more affordable than mined diamonds, giving you up to 40-60% more carats for your budget. Having said that, most people wouldn’t consider the price of lab grown diamonds “cheap” because: Even a small lab diamond jewellery item can still cost hundreds of pounds. Lab diamond …Oct 9, 2022 · Natural Diamonds are more expensive but hold their value over time when compared to Lab Grown Diamonds. A Lab Grown Diamond can cost up to 50% less than a Natural Diamond of similar grading. This is because Natural Diamonds have a much more complex supply chain – from mining to polishing, to importing. Lab Grown …From $2,295.00. Kim Kardashian Bottom Bridge Diamond Grillz in White Gold. From $1,565.00. Diamond Bridge Grillz w/ Open Face Fangs (VS, Yellow Gold) From $1,315.00. Single Tooth Open Face Diamond Fang Grillz (14K, Rose Gold) $725.00. Top 6 Diamond Grillz (VS+ Yellow Gold) From $4,415.00.Home / Blog. January 5th, 2024 / Krishan D. The advancement of technology has led to many powerful and significant advancements, one of which is with direct …Mar 9, 2024 · Russian Diamonds vs Real Diamonds: Quality. Russia is known for its diamond-cutting industry and the high-quality standards within. A Russian cut diamond will typically have better shape and polish than a comparable diamond from another location. The quality of a diamond can be determined by its cut, clarity, and size.A natural round diamond weighing in at 0.5 carats is worth $1,240, which is more than 2x more expensive than a lab one which goes for $560. If we take a look at big diamonds, a 3-carat natural diamond is worth a whopping $45,260, while a lab one of the same weight is worth $29,160.Mar 6, 2024 · Save to. 1 / 3. In terms of appearance, lab grown diamonds are extremely difficult to distinguish from natural diamonds to the naked eye. They have the same optical and physical properties, so it’s an equally stunning choice for engagement rings. Now, let’s talk about color, clarity, cut, and carat weight – the four Cs that are crucial in ... So far in 2021, prices for synthetic diamonds between 3 and 3.99 carats have dropped 10.6%, and prices for those over 4 carats have dropped 8.7%. In 2020, prices for synthetic diamonds between 3 and 3.99 carats had actually increased 1.2%. Prices for those over 4 carats had dropped just 0.3%. Color and Lab-Grown Diamond PricingFeb 13, 2023 · Here’s a few ways a gemologist or jeweler can help you identify lab diamonds. 1. Fluorescence. Even if you purchased a lab diamond with no fluorescence, a gemologist can make your diamond fluoresce by using the Diamond View machine at the GIA. The GIA created this machine in order to identify lab grown diamonds.Oct 5, 2022 · Additionally, moissanite is electrically conductive, whereas a lab-created diamond is not. 13. What’s more, moissanite takes more time than an lab diamond to create in the lab. Unlike …White Gold Round Diamond Engagement Ring. $833. White Gold Round Side Stone Diamond Engagement Ring. $2,038. White Gold Diamond Engagement Ring. $962. Just because you’re not popping the question doesn’t mean you can’t give your loved one a beautiful diamond ring made with stunning lab-grown diamonds.The Insider Trading Activity of Diamond Lawrence J on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks on cloud runs Blue Nile experts explore the differences between lab diamonds and natural diamonds, lab diamond FAQ, pricing differences and more. Save Up to 30% | Terms & Conditions > SHOP SALE JEWELRY. 1-800-242-2728. Stores. Virtual Appointment. Diamonds. Shop ... Lab diamonds are real diamonds.Nov 9, 2023 · Color. Same deal here: A high-quality lab-grown diamond will be graded on the same scale as a natural one when it comes to color. There is no visual difference between a lab-grown and a natural ... Apr 12, 2023 · Fill your drinking glass a little over half full, about 3/4 the way. Carefully drop your diamond into the glass of water. It is sinks to the bottom, it's a real diamond. If it's a fake stone or other gemstone, it'll float. It might even hang around just under the surface of the water, but it still isn't a diamond.Jan 10, 2017 · This definition of diamond applies to diamonds that come from the earth, as well as those that are created in a laboratory. It does not apply to other materials that might masquerade as diamonds. So, when you ask a jeweler for a real diamond, you could be asking for a diamond created by nature or one created in a lab – since both materials ... chumba casino sweepstakes A natural oval diamond that weighs 0.5 carats usually goes for $870, while the lab-grown one goes for about $600. If we’re talking about a big diamond, one that weighs 3 carats, a natural diamond’s price skyrockets to $29,980, with the lab-grown one following at $20,100. Jun 13, 2022 · Assessing lab diamond vs earth diamond, it’s immediately worth noting the price difference. The price policy of genuine stones will always be quite high due to their antiquity and the labor involved in extraction. However, if you want to enjoy a clean, shining stone without overpaying, then lab-grown artificial stones are the best choice. 3 days ago · When considering the real diamond vs lab diamond options, there are two things you should know. First of all, lab diamonds are chemically identical to real diamonds—yes, this means they’ll also test as a diamond. Secondly, think about the power that your buying decision has to impact the progress on the environment and ethical sourcing. 888 pan asian restaurant austinremote car starter installers near me Mar 4, 2024 · The decrease in value for a lab-grown diamond is much greater than natural stones. Expect to get about 50% of today's retail value for your natural diamond, vs. about 20% to 40% for a LGD. Diamonds USA is one of the few diamond buyers that does buy all sizes of lab-grown diamonds and shares this chart to help sellers understand the resale ...Mar 31, 2019 · Mined diamonds are naturally formed, and the types of diamonds that are formed are formed randomly, depending on the conditions they are exposed to during the formation process. – Speed Of Formation. Lab grown diamonds can be formed a lot quicker than mined diamonds. Lab grown diamonds might take a few weeks to a few months, …Jan 24, 2024 · Real Diamond Pros will know how to save over 20% So Which is it? The SI1 clarity at $3,360 or the VS1 color at $4,270 Choose the diamond you like better and see if you are a Pro! ... They also have the nicest collection of lab-created diamonds online. Click to Visit . What we love about them: carpet cost Mar 8, 2024 · Lab diamonds are 100% authentic, real diamonds, equally scintillating and beautiful. While lab diamond creation is an efficient process, it requires a great deal of high-tech equipment and top scientific minds, which costs money. Plus, lab diamonds are still pretty rare. This rarity, beauty and demand for lab diamonds are reflected in their prices.Mar 8, 2024 · As we already know, lab-grown diamonds are grown just as natural diamonds are, albeit over a much shorter period of time. Because of this, the opportunity for inclusions, or tiny imperfections ...Jun 21, 2022 · Searching for the perfect forever adornment for you or your loved one is no easy task. Between choosing lab diamonds vs. mined, metal type, and stone quality, there are a lot of decisions to make when shopping for a diamond engagement ring.. At 12FIFTEEN, we want to make the process as simple as …6 days ago · The chart above contains real magnified sample images of IGI certified lab-created diamonds. I’ve chosen to show round cut diamonds because they’re the most popular diamond shape . The chart helps to show why it’s so crucial to only buy from an online vendor (like James Allen) that provides high-quality images of every diamond.As an example, a 1.00ct lab grown diamond might cost around $1,400 today, whereas a 1.00ct cubic zirconia might cost less than $20. As most of us know, diamonds are the hardest natural substance and are rated 10 on the Mohs scale of hardness. As far as the scale is concerned, Moissanite ranks at 9.25, while cubic zirconia is 8.5.African Blood Diamonds - Blood diamonds in Africa are the target of human rights groups, who want to end the illegal trade. Learn more about blood diamonds in Africa. Advertisement...Jan 2, 2024 · Price: Moissanite is significantly less expensive than a diamond of equal size and quality. Durability: Diamonds are renowned for their durability and are the hardest naturally occurring mineral, scoring a 10 on the Mohs hardness scale. Moissanite is also extremely durable, scoring between 9.25-9.5 on the same scale.Nov 14, 2023 · Water Test: Utilizing a diamond’s density, this test involves dropping the stone into a glass of water. A real diamond, being incredibly dense, will sink to the bottom rapidly, while many fakes will float or descend slowly . Fog Test: Diamonds efficiently conduct heat, making it difficult for them to retain heat or fog. Feb 13, 2024 · Most lab diamonds are ranked in the D-E-F or G-H-I range when it comes to color. D-E-F means it is colorless, while the G-H-I range is near colorless. Generally, it’s quite rare for a lab to create a stone in the D-E-F range, meaning that it will also be more expensive. This is because lab-grown diamonds are grown in a controlled environment ... tattoo shops in long beach Dec 2, 2020 · As a result, real diamonds undergo extraordinary environmental circumstances, bursting towards the earth’s surface through volcanic eruptions. "They are miracles of nature," he adds. Lab grown ...African Blood Diamonds - Blood diamonds in Africa are the target of human rights groups, who want to end the illegal trade. Learn more about blood diamonds in Africa. Advertisement... best offroad suv The Insider Trading Activity of Diamond Lawrence J on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks4 days ago · Lab Grown vs. Natural Diamond Prices in 2024. So where are we now? The trend of lab-grown diamonds dropping in value has continued. Lab-grown diamonds are currently 70-85% cheaper than comparable natural diamonds. This 1 carat lab-grown diamond will cost you $1,220 compared to $4,800 for a similar natural diamond. What does this mean for you ... Nov 9, 2023 · Color. Same deal here: A high-quality lab-grown diamond will be graded on the same scale as a natural one when it comes to color. There is no visual difference between a lab-grown and a natural ... A natural round diamond weighing in at 0.5 carats is worth $1,240, which is more than 2x more expensive than a lab one which goes for $560. If we take a look at big diamonds, a 3-carat natural diamond is worth a whopping $45,260, while a lab one of the same weight is worth $29,160. edm festivals The government claims the diamonds were undervalued by around 50%. A British mining company has become the latest casualty of Tanzanian president John Magufuli’s nationalist drive ...The only real difference is their origin. Lab created diamonds are man-made and grown in a laboratory, while natural diamonds are found in nature and formed within the Earth’s mantle. While natural diamonds are still the favoured traditional choice, lab diamonds can be up to 30% cheaper than a natural diamond of the same …Global data for diamond sales shows that lab grown diamonds account for around 5-8% of global diamond sales across jewellery (wedding rings, engagement rings, earrings) and loose diamonds. The market is in a rapid growth phase. An article from the Economist back in 2016 predicted that lab grown diamonds would account for as much as 75% of the ...Sep 19, 2023 · See for Yourself. There’s no real difference between mined natural diamonds and lab grown diamonds. If you are skeptical or don’t understand how lab diamonds can be real, let us compare a lab diamond with a natural diamond. We are the experts on lab grown diamonds, but we want you to put these …“Lab-grown diamonds are typically more affordable than natural diamonds, usually cheaper by around 30%,” said Ty Wilson, co-founder of …As an example, a 1.00ct lab grown diamond might cost around $1,400 today, whereas a 1.00ct cubic zirconia might cost less than $20. As most of us know, diamonds are the hardest natural substance and are rated 10 on the Mohs scale of hardness. As far as the scale is concerned, Moissanite ranks at 9.25, while cubic zirconia is 8.5.Lab Created Diamond vs Cubic Zirconia – Conductive Properties. It’s easy to differentiate between lab created diamond versus cubic zirconia with a diamond tester because their conductive properties vary greatly. A diamond tester will let you know with certainty if a gemstone is a real diamond, whether it was lab created or mined.Pandora Nova Lab-grown Diamond Ring 1.00 carat tw. 14k White Gold. This 1.00 round cut lab-grown diamond features a unique asymmetric …Take a closer look at your favorite diamonds using our Real-Time Diamond Inspection service; a one-on-one consultation with a non-commissioned certified gemologist. Share your screen and get expert guidance as you explore diamonds in 360° HD with up to 40x magnification. Mark points of interest on the screen while chatting with your diamond …Oct 18, 2023 · The reason that lab-grown diamonds have an affordable price tag is that they are made in a lab and replicated to appear exactly like natural diamonds. They’re made much more quickly than natural ... A “Lab Diamond” is just like a Natural Diamond, except instead of growing in the Earth, they grow in a lab. There is no visual difference in Lab Created Diamonds vs Natural Diamonds. They sparkle the same, have the same types of color and clarity (more on small nuances below), and can come in the same sizes and shapes. Dec 22, 2023 ... Global sales for lab-diamond jewelry reached nearly $12 billion in 2022 · Lab diamonds are 50% cheaper than earth diamonds, but lack long-term ...Mar 6, 2024 · Save to. 1 / 3. In terms of appearance, lab grown diamonds are extremely difficult to distinguish from natural diamonds to the naked eye. They have the same optical and physical properties, so it’s an equally stunning choice for engagement rings. Now, let’s talk about color, clarity, cut, and carat weight – the four Cs that are crucial in ... As of 2014, selling prices for commercial uncut diamonds are estimated to be around $1,850 per carat. Fine rough diamonds sell for more than $2,400 per carat.“Lab-grown diamonds are typically more affordable than natural diamonds, usually cheaper by around 30%,” said Ty Wilson, co-founder of …Apr 4, 2023 · The topic of lab-created diamonds vs. real gems remains hotly debated, and the information about which is a better choice can be confusing. While synthetic diamonds have flooded the market over the past several years and provided a cheaper alternative to mined diamonds, they lack the sentimentality, rarity, and value of natural diamonds in …Feb 8, 2023 · Lab Grown Diamonds vs. Natural Diamonds. “Companies actually worked to create the first batch of lab-grown diamonds in the 1950s ,” Atlas says. It was GE that did it first, under a program called Project Superpressure. “However they did not become commercially available until later on in the late 1980s. It wasn’t … truck bench seatsgray honda accord So far in 2021, prices for synthetic diamonds between 3 and 3.99 carats have dropped 10.6%, and prices for those over 4 carats have dropped 8.7%. In 2020, prices for synthetic diamonds between 3 and 3.99 carats had actually increased 1.2%. Prices for those over 4 carats had dropped just 0.3%. Color and Lab-Grown Diamond PricingApr 18, 2023 · Lab-Created Diamond. Lab-created diamonds and gemstones are exactly what they claim to be: created in a laboratory environment.All lab-created gems are real gemstones. Lab-diamonds have the quality factors as mined diamonds. The lab conditions mimic what it’s like for naturally mined diamonds to grow beneath the earth.. A lab … thrift stores spokane wa Lab-grown diamonds are gaining popularity more and more every day and for good reason. To understand the debate between natural and lab-grown diamonds, you must first look at such factors as cost, sustainability, and appearance. A lab-created diamond and a mined diamond are both evaluated by the “four C’s,” that is, cut, …Dec 4, 2023 · Lab-grown diamonds vs real diamonds . In the world of exquisite gems, the choice between lab-grown diamonds and natural diamonds is becoming increasingly prevalent. Many wonder whether lab-grown diamonds are indeed real diamonds or just imitations. Lab-grown diamonds ARE real diamonds . One of the most common …Man Made Diamonds vs Natural Diamonds. They are both Real and have the same chemical and physical properties. Lab created diamonds are grown in days or ...Jul 7, 2022 · It allows you to either save some money or invest it in a larger and better lab-grown diamond. For example, if you dearm about a 2.00 carat diamond, you have two options: Buy a natural diamond for $8,600. Buy a lab-grown diamond for $1,680 and save $6,920. Oct 18, 2023 · They’re made much more quickly than natural diamonds (2-3 weeks versus 1-3 billion years — and we’re not being hyperbolic). “There are two ways of producing lab grown diamonds,” says Avi ... Delta Diamond Medallion is Delta's highest public elite status tier and provides upgrades, lounge access, same-day changeability, and more. We may be compensated when you click on ...Have you ever wondered where #flawless originated? Whether you’re assessing a family heirloom or shopping for jewels that just cooled off from the lab, gemstones have rating scales...Sep 1, 2023 · Cubic Zirconia vs. Diamond: Price and Value. Cubic zirconia is significantly cheaper than diamonds. For example, a 1 carat round Cubic Zirconia engagement ring sells for $13.99, while a similar 1 …Sep 22, 2017 · Clarity: Man-made diamonds can be from low to high clarity. Cut: The cut of a man-made diamond is the same as a natural diamond – any cut is possible. Round brilliant is the most common shape and cutting style of colorless man-made diamonds. The price difference between this ring and the original 1-carat mined diamond ring we saw in the above paragraph is now a whopping 123%.This is due to several factors: Firstly, the diamonds are lab grown rather than mined, which lowers the price slightly. Secondly, the lab diamonds are small and set in a cluster. Small diamonds in a cluster setting are …Aug 9, 2019 · Lab created diamonds are sourced from pure carbon, while moissanite is sourced from silicon carbide, which means lab diamonds are identical in chemical composition to real diamonds, whereas lab grown moissanite is identical in chemical composition to moissanite. In addition, when naturally occurring, moissanite comes from …Mar 6, 2024 · Save to. 1 / 3. In terms of appearance, lab grown diamonds are extremely difficult to distinguish from natural diamonds to the naked eye. They have the same optical and physical properties, so it’s an equally stunning choice for engagement rings. Now, let’s talk about color, clarity, cut, and carat weight – the four Cs that are crucial in ... While the price of a lab diamond depends on many factors, like where you buy it from, carat weight and its quality rating, the cost of a 1 carat lab created diamond is around $1,000-$1,500 per carat. This is a significant price decrease from mined diamonds which average around $6,000-10,000 per carat. Jun 6, 2022 · Lab grown diamonds also develop interesting inclusions and some can even glow in the dark. lurchermom. • 2 yr. ago. Beyond resell value and the importance that some people attach to a natural diamond, there's no difference between the two. That said, if you opted for a lab diamond and invested what you would have spent on a natural … more sparkle for your spend. When comparing the two, you may be swayed by the fact that lab grown diamonds are real diamonds but cost less than their natural counterparts of similar carat weights and quality. The price-to-carat ratio of a lab grown diamond might be perfect if you have a set budget and want to maximize the sparkle of your diamond. Sep 1, 2023 · Diamonds are incredibly durable and resilient—making them ideal for engagement rings and everyday wear. Diamonds maintain their sparkle and beauty with minimal maintenance. Cubic zirconia, on the other hand, ranks at 8.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. Because it’s a synthetic material, it offers some durability. stepping stone pathhow to take out shower drain Oct 18, 2023 · The reason that lab-grown diamonds have an affordable price tag is that they are made in a lab and replicated to appear exactly like natural diamonds. They’re made much more quickly than natural ...The government claims the diamonds were undervalued by around 50%. A British mining company has become the latest casualty of Tanzanian president John Magufuli’s nationalist drive ...Mar 8, 2024 · As we already know, lab-grown diamonds are grown just as natural diamonds are, albeit over a much shorter period of time. Because of this, the opportunity for inclusions, or tiny imperfections ... They're being honest, but here's the reality of the diamond trade's honesty. Reference below is (2) identical diamonds on paper, one is natural and the other is a lab diamond. Buy a $10,000 natural diamond, sell back to a tradesman for 10-15% = $8500 - $9000 loss. Buy a $5000 high quality lab diamond, sell back to a tradesman for 0% = $5000 ... Oct 18, 2023 · They say that lab grown diamonds run about at 20-40% decrease in price when compared to mined diamonds of the same quality and grades. However, I’ve seen them be more. SI clarity diamonds are also less expensive as lab grown diamonds. The types of inclusions found in lab grown diamonds is limited due to their isolated …Jun 13, 2022 · Thus, the naked eye will never be able to tell the difference between artificial and real diamonds — it’s almost impossible to distinguish them by their chemical composition. Physical properties (refraction and hardness) are also similar. However, the GIA laboratory is constantly working on methods for determining … msg near me Here's how one Delta elite plans to upgrade his Platinum status to Diamond before the end of the year. As discussed in previous articles, I'm a Delta Platinum Medallion member. Mos...Sep 20, 2022 · On the other hand, lab-created diamonds are about 50% lesser in value because the production is faster and cheaper without compromising the quality. #3. Durability. Lab-grown and natural diamonds score the same 10 Mohs scales on solidity or hardness; it’s difficult to break off a piece from a whole.Oct 15, 2018 · Real Diamonds VS. Lab Grown. So, you’re ready to take the next step and propose. We’re so excited for you. This is one of the most important moments of your life and of course, you want it to be perfect. That is where we come in. We are here to help you choose the perfect diamond engagement ring for your bride to be – natural or man …3 days ago · When considering the real diamond vs lab diamond options, there are two things you should know. First of all, lab diamonds are chemically identical to real diamonds—yes, this means they’ll also test as a diamond. Secondly, think about the power that your buying decision has to impact the progress on the environment and ethical sourcing. best workout shirts for menbest restaurants in florence italy Diamonds weren't even very popular before the 1930s. Stuff They Don't Want You To Know examines what made these stones so important -- and expensive. Advertisement Diamonds were a ...Nov 7, 2023 · Origin: The most significant difference lies in their origin – one is a product of nature and time, while the other is a product of human ingenuity and technology. Price: Lab grown diamonds are typically less expensive than real diamonds. This is because the production process is more controlled and …As such, those savings are passed along to you, the consumer. Typically, a lab grown diamond with the same specs (4C's) as a natural will cost about 1/3 to 1/4 of the price. Check out the handy chart below to see just how much you can save when buying lab grown diamonds versus a natural diamonds. One thing to note, all of the diamonds … keymailer Feb 8, 2023 · Lab Grown Diamonds vs. Natural Diamonds. “Companies actually worked to create the first batch of lab-grown diamonds in the 1950s ,” Atlas says. It was GE that did it first, under a program called Project Superpressure. “However they did not become commercially available until later on in the late 1980s. It wasn’t …May 30, 2023 · To determine real vs. fake diamonds, first carefully examine the type of setting and mount that is used. Since real diamonds (whether mined or lab diamonds) tend to have a larger price tag, you won't find them set in cheap metals. A real diamond will typically only be set in metals such as white gold, yellow gold, rose gold, or platinum.We provide exclusive perks to members of our Diamond communities. We have private Facebook & Discord plus weekly chat & tons of Diamond only bonus content. Privacy Policy © documen... is robinhood legitcouples cupid Apr 4, 2023 · The topic of lab-created diamonds vs. real gems remains hotly debated, and the information about which is a better choice can be confusing. While synthetic diamonds have flooded the market over the past several years and provided a cheaper alternative to mined diamonds, they lack the sentimentality, rarity, and value of natural diamonds in the long run. Lab grown diamond jewelry is a relatively new concept in the world of jewelry, but it has quickly gained popularity due to its ethical and sustainable nature. Lab grown diamonds ar...Natural vs Lab Grown Diamonds. Lab grown diamonds and naturally mined diamonds. Technically, chemically, and optically, they’re both diamonds, but they differ in their origins and how they’re produced. Known for their unmatched brilliance and iconic sentiment, let’s explore the differences between the two so you’re empowered to make a ...Do lab grown diamonds test as real diamonds? Yes, lab diamonds test as real diamonds, because they are authentic and identical to those found in nature, with the exact same chemical …Aug 17, 2023 · To test if a diamond is real using heat, grab a drinking glass and fill it with cold water. Use a set of plyers or fireproof gloves to hold the stone. Heat the stone with a lighter for approximately 40 seconds, then drop the stone directly into the cold water. If the stone shatters, it is made of weaker components and is not a real diamond. Take a closer look at your favorite diamonds using our Real-Time Diamond Inspection service; a one-on-one consultation with a non-commissioned certified gemologist. Share your screen and get expert guidance as you explore diamonds in 360° HD with up to 40x magnification. Mark points of interest on the screen while chatting with your diamond …Here's how one Delta elite plans to upgrade his Platinum status to Diamond before the end of the year. As discussed in previous articles, I'm a Delta Platinum Medallion member. Mos...Dec 16, 2022 · The only real differences are in the ways they are produced and sourced—it’s these differences that account for the price differential, as well. “Natural diamonds are created deep in the earth over millions of years and lab made diamonds are “grown” in a controlled laboratory setting,” says Zimmerman. “But lab-grown diamonds …Dec 15, 2023 · In 2023, loose, lab-grown diamond sales soared 47% compared with one year earlier. Over that same period, their average retail prices dropped 20%, according to data from Tenoris , a jewelry ...Asscher. Radiant. Why Choose Lab Grown Diamonds. Mining Free. Lab diamonds are a responsible choice since they are grown with precise technology that …Mar 6, 2024 · Save to. 1 / 3. In terms of appearance, lab grown diamonds are extremely difficult to distinguish from natural diamonds to the naked eye. They have the same optical and physical properties, so it’s an equally stunning choice for engagement rings. Now, let’s talk about color, clarity, cut, and carat weight – the four Cs that are crucial in ... Jul 25, 2022 · Cubic zirconia is considerably less durable than a real diamond. They can be worn daily for between 2 to 3 years and up to 5 years if ... No. Cubic zirconia stones are synthetic but are not the same as lab grown diamonds. The difference is that cubic zirconia stones are diamond stimulants rather than lab diamonds. Lab ...Apr 18, 2023 · Lab-Created Diamond. Lab-created diamonds and gemstones are exactly what they claim to be: created in a laboratory environment.All lab-created gems are real gemstones. Lab-diamonds have the quality factors as mined diamonds. The lab conditions mimic what it’s like for naturally mined diamonds to grow beneath the earth.. A lab …5 days ago · The price spectrum at James Allen is rather broad, with a 0.7-carat diamond starting at a modest $580, going all the way up to a premium 4-carat D Color VVS1 lab-grown diamond tagged at $63,000. To put things in perspective, a similar mined diamond could set you back anywhere between $200,000 to $250,000.Delta Diamond Medallion is Delta's highest public elite status tier and provides upgrades, lounge access, same-day changeability, and more. We may be compensated when you click on ...Simply put, lab diamonds are equivalent to natural diamonds in each and every physical way. It's just that they are made differently, which just so happens to ...Mar 8, 2024 · As we already know, lab-grown diamonds are grown just as natural diamonds are, albeit over a much shorter period of time. Because of this, the opportunity for inclusions, or tiny imperfections ... low t paincandy 2006 film 1 day ago · Those made through HPHT will fluoresce in a shade of off-blue (like a turquoise) most commonly. 5. Evaluate Growth Patterns. While the diamond is still lit up with Fluorescence and under magnification, the operator of the DiamondView machine will look for growth patterns that are indicative of lab grown diamonds. vets open on weekends Moissanite vs. Diamond: What is Moissanite? When choosing between moissanite and diamond, it's important to learn how they compare in appearance, durability, and price to select the ideal gemstone for you. From $2,295.00. Kim Kardashian Bottom Bridge Diamond Grillz in White Gold. From $1,565.00. Diamond Bridge Grillz w/ Open Face Fangs (VS, Yellow Gold) From $1,315.00. Single Tooth Open Face Diamond Fang Grillz (14K, Rose Gold) $725.00. Top 6 Diamond Grillz (VS+ Yellow Gold) From $4,415.00.Dec 13, 2016 · While natural diamonds formed millions to billions of years ago beneath the earth’s surface, synthetic diamonds are grown in a matter of days or weeks in modern-day labs. The two major processes are HPHT and CVD. 1. High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT): With the HPHT method, synthetic diamonds are produced in laboratories …Lab-grown diamonds are created in laboratories using a process that simulates the same environmental pressures and temperatures as natural …Mar 8, 2024 · As we already know, lab-grown diamonds are grown just as natural diamonds are, albeit over a much shorter period of time. Because of this, the opportunity for inclusions, or tiny imperfections ...Man Made Diamonds vs Natural Diamonds. They are both Real and have the same chemical and physical properties. Lab created diamonds are grown in days or weeks depending upon size, whereas natural diamonds were formed millions of years ago under enormous pressure below the earth’s surface.May 30, 2023 · To determine real vs. fake diamonds, first carefully examine the type of setting and mount that is used. Since real diamonds (whether mined or lab diamonds) tend to have a larger price tag, you won't find them set in cheap metals. A real diamond will typically only be set in metals such as white gold, yellow gold, rose gold, or platinum.Oct 7, 2023 · That's because lab grown diamond jewelry comes at a 20-40% (sometimes more) discount than mined diamonds, often called natural diamonds. There are so many factors and caveats that affect diamond prices. On average, a 1 carat VS1 clarity diamond can cost around $5000 to beyond $10,000, depending on diamond grades.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in lab-grown diamond jewelry. These diamonds are created in a laboratory setting using advanced technology that replicates the na...Oct 21, 2023 · Diamonds are graded based on their clarity, cut, carat and color (known as the four Cs). If a natural diamond and a lab-grown diamond rank equally in all four categories, the lab-created version will be significantly cheaper — about 20-30% cheaper on average, estimated Leifheit, adding, “The price difference …Scratching another stone with a suspect diamond is an excellent test of authenticity. Scratching determines the hardness of the stone, which is a key identifying characteristic for...Sep 20, 2022 · On the other hand, lab-created diamonds are about 50% lesser in value because the production is faster and cheaper without compromising the quality. #3. Durability. Lab-grown and natural diamonds score the same 10 Mohs scales on solidity or hardness; it’s difficult to break off a piece from a whole.Scratching another stone with a suspect diamond is an excellent test of authenticity. Scratching determines the hardness of the stone, which is a key identifying characteristic for...Tips and Tricks. Difference between Lab Grown Diamonds vs. Real Diamonds. Ever since lab created diamonds have come on the scene and become a major …Feb 18, 2024, 5:16 AM PST. Jeffrey Hamilton/Getty Images. The lab-grown diamond boom is over, jewelry industry experts say. Lab-grown gems are mainstream now and real diamonds are back in vogue ... purina pro sportmake a key The Insider Trading Activity of Diamond Lawrence J on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksApr 18, 2023 · A lab grown diamond is a real diamond, whereas a white topaz is another type of colorless gemstone. Lab grown diamonds are always synthetic, whereas white topaz stones can be natural. Lab grown diamonds have the highest hardness level, same as a natural diamond, whereas white topazes have lower hardness. A lab-grown …Mar 8, 2024 · As we already know, lab-grown diamonds are grown just as natural diamonds are, albeit over a much shorter period of time. Because of this, the opportunity for inclusions, or tiny imperfections ...Apr 9, 2019 · After some more research, it seems like diamonds can be lab created for $800/carat while even the cheapest companies like cleanorigins and brilliantearth are selling them for $3-4000/carat. Now, in late 2018, DeBeers came out with the Lightbox collection and there's lab created diamonds for $1k/carat but unfortunately no sizes bigger than 1 …When choosing between moissanite and diamond, it's important to learn how they compare in appearance, durability, and price to select the ideal gemstone for you.May 30, 2023 · To determine real vs. fake diamonds, first carefully examine the type of setting and mount that is used. Since real diamonds (whether mined or lab diamonds) tend to have a larger price tag, you won't find them set in cheap metals. A real diamond will typically only be set in metals such as white gold, yellow gold, rose gold, or platinum. what do zoologist do Nov 9, 2023 · Color. Same deal here: A high-quality lab-grown diamond will be graded on the same scale as a natural one when it comes to color. There is no visual difference between a lab-grown and a natural ... GIA Grad + Founder and Front Man of F&B Michael walks us through 4 main reasons why people choose moissanite vs. lab-grown diamonds in 2022...Visit us at www...An often-asked question from clients is, “can you tell a lab-grown diamond from a natural mined diamond?” The answer is not to the layperson. Without a loupe to ...Lab grown diamond studs are chemically and physically the same as a natural diamonds produced by the pressure of mother nature. While a diamond simulant such as ... tiger woods golf gamelawyers for work discrimination ---2